Antonomasia is the figure of speech in which one person is called by the name of another person in order to ascribe the characteristics of the second person to the one we are addressing. For example, we might say to a child who is jumping on the couch, “Stop that, Tarzan!” We know the child’s name is not “Tarzan,” but by calling him “Tarzan,” we ascribe the jungle behavior of Tarzan to the child. Some examples of antonomasia in the Bible include:

• Jezebel called Jehu, “Zimri” (2 Kings 9:31) as a threat that his reign as king would be short if he killed her (which he did and still reigned for 28 years; 2 Kings 10:36).
• The Bible calls the Messiah, Jesus Christ, by the name of “David” in Jeremiah 30:9; Ezekiel 34:23-24; 37:24-25, and Hosea 3:5. The Messiah is called “David” to highlight that the Messiah would be a lineal descendant of David, which he was through Mary, and also because the reign of David, especially early on, was a glorious time in Israel and the Messiah’s reign on earth will be a glorious time.
• Judah is called “Sodom” and also “Gomorrah” because it was so wicked (Isaiah 1:10).
• John the Baptist is called “Elijah” because Elijah’s life and ministry paralleled John’s in many ways.

That John would be like Elijah was made clear to Zechariah by the angel Gabriel. When Zechariah was ministering in the Temple, Gabriel appeared to him and said that Elizabeth would have a son they were to name “John,” and he would go before God “in the spirit and power of Elijah” (Luke 1:17). For those who remembered the angel’s words years later when John started his ministry, it was clear that John was indeed the “Elijah,” who was to come.

-- REV commentary of Spirit & Truth Fellowship International

Another example is Matthew 1:18-25 who quoted Isaiah 7:14-16 knowing that Jesus name is not "Immanuel".